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1.
IDE hard disks:
-
An IDE hard disk can
have one Primary partition and one Extended partition.
An Extended partition can be divided into one or more
logical partitions. After partitioning the hard disk,
each partition needs to be formatted.
-
The File System Boot
Sector is the first physical sector on any logical
volume.
-
The first physical
sector on any bootable hard disk contains Master Boot
Record, MBR.
-
The command FDISK
will destroy all the data on a partition or drive on
to which it is run.
-
The primary
partition can be made bootable, by marking partition
as active.
2.
FAT:
-
Windows 98 and Windows 95 OEM Release 2 support FAT32. Note
that Windows NT does not support FAT32. NT supports
only FAT16 and NTFS. Windows 2000 supports FAT16,
FAT32, and NTFS.
-
DOS standard FAT16 support drives up to 2 GB. FAT32
supports drives up to 2TB (Terabytes).
3.
PC Utilities: The following DOS utilities are useful in
proper maintenance of PCs.
A.
SCANDISK: ScanDisk is a utility program that was added to
DOS Version 6.0. SCANDISK is a better compared to
CHKDSK. SCANDISK can fix errors on data storage
devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, RAM drives
etc, and DoubleSpace compressed drives. It analyzes
and repairs damage to the following:
1.
Physical clusters
2.
File allocation table (FAT)
3.
Lost clusters
4.
Cross-linked files
5.
Directory tree
6.
MS-DOS Boot sector
7.
DBLSPACE volume header, file structure, compression
structure.
B.
CHKDSK (Check Disk): CHKDSK command, one of DOS commands,
examines your hard drive for error conditions and
reports the total size of the disk, how many files are
stored there, and the space remaining. CHKDSK also
reports the total amount of
conventional memory in your system and the
amount of conventional memory available. Note that
CHKDSK can't report extended memory.
C.
DFRAG: The DFRAG.EXE is included with DOS6.0 and later.
DEFRAG utility arranges the clusters of data on the
hard drive to achieve better performance by placing
all of the clusters for a given file together in a
contiguous order. DEFRAG does not do any repair on
your disk, and errors, if any will remain on the disk.
D.
BACKUP: DOS has a backup utility since version 2.0.
4.
.COM, .EXE, .BAT files are executable files.
5.
DOS Boot up:
-
IMPORTANT DOS FILES USED DURING BOOT UP ARE:
A.
AUTOEXEC.BAT
-
It does: Modifies the PC environment (PATH, SET, and other
commands)
-
Default Attributes: Nil
-
Is it required for OS Start up: NO
B.
CONFIG.SYS
1.
It does: Loads low level device drivers and does
performance tuning
2.
Default Attributes: Nil
3.
Is it required for OS Start up: NO
C.
IO.SYS
2.
Default Attributes: Hidden / System/ Read Only
3.
Is it required for OS Start up: YES
D.
MSDOS.SYS
1.
It does: Defines System File locations
2.
Default Attributes: Hidden / System/ Read Only
3.
Is it required for OS Start up: YES
E.
COMMAND.COM
1.
It does: The file contains internal command set and error
messages
2.
Default Attributes: Nil
3.
Is it required for OS Start up: YES
4.
Responsible for displaying the command prompt in a DOS
based computer.
F.
HIMEM.SYS
1.
HIMEM.SYS must be loaded before EMM386.EXE
2.
HIMEM.SYS is used to address the extended memory
G.
EMM386.EXE
1.
EMM386.EXE allows access to Upper Memory Area. Please note
that the conventional memory of 1 MB is divided into
1. Lower Memory Area 640 KB, and 2. Upper Memory Area
384KB (1024KB-640KB).
H.
ANSI.SYS
-
The files AUTOEXEC.BAT, CONFIG.SYS, ANSI.SYS
are not required for OS start-up. However, the
files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM are required for
OS start-up.
-
To bypass the CONFIG.SYS, and AUTOEXEC.BAT files during
boot process of DOS, you need to press F5. F8 allows
you to selectively bypass commands in AUTOEXEC.BAT,
and CONFIG.SYS. 6. DOS allows you to set the following attributes using
ATTRB command: 1. System 2. Hidden 3. Read-only 4. Archive
'+' sets and attribute '-' clears an attribute Examples:
-
The command ATTRIB +H myfile.txt will make the file
myfile.txt hidden. The other attributes that can be
set using ATTRIB command are System, Read Only, and
Archive.
-
The command ATTRIB C:\private.txt +h +r will mark the file
private.txt as both hidden and read only. 7. DOS, Windows3.1 Windows 95/ 98 operating systems have
the following characteristics: 1. Each can have only one primary
partition per hard disk 2. The primary partition is
automatically assigned a drive letter 3. Each hard disk can have only
one Extended partition 4. You can create one or more
logical drives in the Extended partition. 5. The drive letters are assigned
manually to logical drives. 8. The standard DOS partition cluster sizes are as given
below: 16MB-127MB: 2KB cluster size 128MB-255MB: 4KB cluster size 256MB-511MB: 8KB cluster size 512MB-1023MB: 16KB cluster size 1024MB-2048MB: 32KB cluster size Note that due to DOS limitation,
the FAT on each hard drive partition can have 64K
(65535) individual addresses. Therefore, it is clear,
depending on the size of partition, this number
dictates the size of each cluster. We arrive at 32KB
cluster size by dividing 2048(MB) with 64(KB). 9.
The Windows 95/98 system files include the following: A. IO.SYS B. MSDOS.SYS C. WIN.INI D. COMMAND.COM E. SYSTEM.INI F. SYSTEM.DAT G. USER.DAT
-
MSDOS.SYS, WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI are text files.
-
SYSTEM.DAT, USER.DAT files are part of windows Registry and
can be edited using REGEDIT or REGDT32 utility.
Registry files can't be read with standard text
editors.
-
Further, USER.DAT file corresponds to HKEY_LOCAL_USER and
SYSTEM.DAT corresponds to HKEY_LOCAL)MACHINE.
10. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE is the hive where the information
specific to the machine will be stored. The
information may include, network settings, hardware
drivers etc. HKEY_LOCAL_USER hive stores data specific to user
configuration, such as desktop color schemes, screen
savers, wall paper, and user specific application
settings.
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