CompTIA
A+ Certification
A+
Operating Systems (220-302) examcram
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A+
Certification, awarded by CompTIA® organization is the most widely recognized
certification in the area of PC
hardware and software technologies. To attain A+ certification,
one need to pass 2
exams, namely, A+ Core Hardware Technologies, and A+ Operating
Systems Technologies. These exams basically
test the skills in assembling a computer, troubleshooting, and the ability to work with various
operating systems. Linux is not included in the A+
Certification Operating Systems exam, as it has an exam of its
own (Linux+ Certification), offered by CompTIA.
The exam cram offers several final preparation
points for candidates intending to appear for
the A+ test. Latest objectives are
available from Comptia.com website.
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31. Windows 2000:
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Hardware requirements:
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Hardware component
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Windows 2000 Prof.
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Windows 2000 Ser/ Ad Ser.
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Processor
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Pentium/133MHz
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Pentium/133MHz
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Memory
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64MB
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256MB
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HD space
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640MB
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1GB
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Display
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VGA or better
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VGA or better
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Network card
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Optional
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Optional
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CD ROM Drive
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Required
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Required (unless loading from network)
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When you install Windows 2000 in the same folder as that of
Windows 95/ Windows 98/ Windows NT, the operating
system gets upgraded to Windows 2000.
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TCP/IP protocol stack is installed by default when you
install Windows 2000 on a computer.
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You can use Regional Options to support additional
languages on your computer. With the support of
additional languages, you will be able to edit
documents written in those languages. You can also set
locale specific to any region using this Option.
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The Windows 2000 Performance tool is composed of two parts:
1.
System Monitor, and
2.
Performance Logs and Alerts.
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With System Monitor, you can collect and view real-time
data about memory, disk, processor, network, and other
activity in chart (graph), histogram, or report form.
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Through Performance Logs and Alerts you can configure logs
to record performance data and set system alerts to
notify you when a specified counter's value is above
or below a defined threshold.
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Event Viewer maintains logs about program, security, and
system events. You can use Event Viewer to view and
manage the event logs, gather information about
hardware and software problems, and monitor Windows
2000 security events.
To open Event Viewer,
click 'Start', point to 'Settings', and then click
'Control Panel'. Double-click 'Administrative Tools',
and then double-click Event Viewer.
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Encrypting File System (EFS) keeps your documents safe from
intruders who might gain unauthorized physical access
to your sensitive stored data by stealing your laptop
or Zip disk, or by other means.
You need to ensure the following
before the upgrade:
1. The hardware is adequate for
upgrading to Windows 2000 Professional
2. Also, check the
hardware, software adequacy by running “Winnt32.exe
/ checkupgradeonly”. Note that the switch “checkupgradeonly”
will output a report on the adequacy of hardware and
software. It will also warn you if any applications
need upgrade packs, which may be obtained from
respective application vendors, if available. If the
software upgrade pack is not installed for any
application, the application may be rendered unusable!
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If you are creating a Striped volume on a new Windows 2000
machine, it can only be created on dynamic disks.
However, if you are upgrading a Windows NT computer to
Windows 2000, any existing stripe set will be
supported.
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For creating Stripe set with parity, we need at least 3
disk volumes.
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Placing the paging file on different physical disks is
optimal. This will improve faster access to the Paging
file, and also distribute the load.
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Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Explorer can be
used for assigning Share and NTFS permissions on a
Windows 2000 computer.
32. File names can be 255 characters long on a FAT, FAT32,
and NTFS file systems.
33. Windows 2000 system monitoring:
Some of the important System Monitor counters are:
1.
Memory>Available Mbytes: measures the amount of physical
memory that is available. Typically > 4MB. If less
than 4 MB, consider adding more memory.
2.
Memory>Pages/Sec: Shows the number of times that the
disk has been accessed, because requested information
was not available in memory. If the value of the
counter is not below 20, you should add more memory. A
value of 4 or 5 is typical.
3.
Paging File>%Usage: Indicates the % of allocated page
file utilization. Should be less than 99%.
4.
Processor>%Processor Time: measure the time that the
processor is busy. Should be typically less than 80%
5.
Processor>Interrupts/Sec: Indicates the average number
of hardware interrupts that the processor receives
each second. If more than 3,500, you can suspect a
program or faulty hardware.
6.
PhysicalDisk>%Disk Time: Measures the amount of time
that the physical disk is busy servicing read or write
requests. If more than 90%, you can improve the
performance by adding another disk channel.
7.
PhysicalDisk>%Current Disk Queue Length: indicates the
number of pending disk requests that need to be
processed. The value should be less than 2. The disk
problems might arise from less memory, resulting in
usage of excessive paging. Ensure that the memory is
sufficient before attending to the disk problem.
8.
LogicalDisk > %Free Space counter: Indicates the amount
of logical disk’s free disk space. Typical value is
10% or above.
34. To insert a new file extension, you use Windows
explorer, and select the application. Then, Tools
-> Folder Option -> File Types. Configure the
extension appropriately.
35. Windows 2000 disk volumes:
Windows 2000 Operating systems
support 5 different volume types:
1. Simple volumes
2. Spanned volumes
3. Striped volumes
4. Mirrored volumes
5. RAID-5 volumes
A simple volume consists of a
formatted disk on a single hard disk.
A Spanned volume consists of disk
space on more than one hard disk.
A Striped volume has disk space
on 2 or more disks. The disk spaces must be same on
all disks. Fastest disk access among all volume types.
RAID level 0.
A mirrored volume consists of a
Simple volume that is mirrored in total, onto a second
dynamic disk. Provides highest level of fault
tolerance. Mirroring is
RAID level 1
A RAID-5 volume consists of
identical sized disk space located on three or more
dynamic disks. Here any single disk failures can be
recovered.
Note that Windows 2000
Professional doesn’t support Mirrored and RAID-5
volumes, where as other Windows 2000 Operating Systems
(2000 Server, Advanced Server) support.
36. Fault tolerance boot disk is a floppy disk that enables
you to boot a computer in the event that the first
disk in a mirrored volume fails. If you mirror the
installation folder in a Windows 2000 Server, you will
not be able to boot because boot.ini points to the
first volume. Therefore, you need to create a fault
tolerance boot disk
that contain an appropriately edited Boot.ini
file, that points to the mirrored volume.
37. By default, you can start recovery console (in Windows
2000) using,
1. The Windows 2000 Professional
Setup Disks
2. From the CD ROM drive using
Windows 2000 Professional CD (if the CD –ROM drive
is bootable).
Also, you can have “Recovery
Console” as a start up option by typing
\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons at the command
prompt, after switching to the CD ROM drive letter.
38. Windows 2000 provides two versions of Registry Editor
1. Regedt32.exe (32-bit) and
2. Regedit.exe (16-bit).
Regedt32.exe is automatically
installed in the systemroot\system32 folder, while
Regedit.exe is automatically installed in the
systemroot folder. Regedit.exe is primarily used for
its search capabilities as it doesn’t support all
functions and data types.
39.
On a Windows 2000 computer, the default spool folder
is located at: Systemroot\System32\spool\printers. For
example, if the OS is residing on C drive, the default
location will be: “C:\\WINNT\System32\spool\printers”.
You can access this location through:
Start -> Printers -> File -> Server Properties
-> Advanced tab. Type in the new spool location
over the default location.
40.Up-grade to Windows 2000:
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You can upgrade Windows 95/98, Windows NT 3.51Work Station,
Windows NT 4.0 WS can be upgraded to Windows 2000
Professional.
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You can’t upgrade Windows 3.1 and Windows for workgroups
to Windows 2000 Professional. If you need to install
2000 Prof. On Windows 3.x, you need to upgrade first
to Windows 95/98 or NT and then upgrade to 2000 Prof.
It is easy to do a clean install of Windows 2000 on
Windows 3.x machines.
