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11. Using FDISK, the following activities can be carried
out:
1.
Create Partitions: You can create primary and extended
partitions. Extended partition holds one or more (Up
to 23) logical drives.
2.
Set Active Partition: FDISK allows you to mark the primary
partition as active partition.
3.
Delete Partition: You can delete a partition by using FDISK
4.
Display Partition Information. 12. DOS COMMANDS:
-
MEMMAKER can
be used to manage the system memory optimally. Windows
95 and above automatically manage the memory, where as
DOS requires manual memory management using utilities
like MEMMAKER. The DOS command MEM can only display
the contents of memory, but itself can't manage the
memory.
-
When you power on the DOS machine, you see a message,
"Starting MS-DOS". If you press F5 key
during this short period, you can bypass AUTOEXEC.BAT
and CONFIG.SYS files. Given below are common DOS
commands that you use frequently:
1. PATH: The command sets or displays a path for executable files. For example, "PATH=C:\; C:\DOS; C:\PROG; C:\MYFILES " command indicates DOS to first search ROOT, then C:\DOS, then C:\PROG, and finally C:\MYFILES for executable files.
2.
SET: Displays, sets, or removes DOS environment variable.
3.
PROMPT: Changes the DOS command prompt. The prompt can be
made up of normal characters and the following special
codes: $p Current
drive and path $g >(greater
than sign) $l < (
less than sign) $d Current
date $t Current
time $_ Carriage
return Syntax: PROMPT [text] For example, to set the prompt to
current date, followed by the current drive path,
issue the command: PROMPT= $p$d 13. The file load order to start DOS is :
-
IO.SYS
-
MSDOS.SYS
-
CONFIG.SYS
-
COMMAND.COM
-
AUTOEXEC.BAT
-
Note that CONFIG.SYS, and AUTOEXEC.BAT are optional to load
DOS. IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM are required.
14. When you format a disk with a "/s" switch
(say “format a:/s”), the following files get
transferred: 1. IO.SYS 2. MSDOS.SYS 3. COMMAND.COM
-
If you want to format a drive and also make it bootable,
you need to format with /s switch.
15. Windows 95:
-
The minimum published requirements for running Windows 95
is 386 processor with 4 MB of RAM. Though it may be
sufficient, the performance will be very poor and some
applications may not run at all. A recommended
configuration is a Pentium processor with 32 MB of
RAM.
-
Booting Windows 95 in safe mode loads the drivers for
Keyboard, Mouse, and standard VGA graphics adapter.
-
Windows 95 Version A supported only FAT16 file system. The
maximum hard disk partition supported by FAT16 is only
2 GB. However, Windows 95 Version B and Windows 98
support FAT32 and therefore, can support partitions
upto 2TB (Tera bytes).
-
SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT comprise of Windows 95 Registry.
These are the files where most of the user and system
configuration information is stored. The Windows
Registry files are stored in \Windows directory by
default.
-
Windows 95 makes a backup of the Registry after every
successful reboot. The Registry back up files are
named: USER.DA0, SYSTEM.DA0. The original Registry
files are named: USER.DAT, SYSTEM.DAT. It may be
noted, that in the event of boot failure, you can
delete the original USER.DAT AND SYSTEM.DAT files and
the back up files can be renamed to DAT files and the
system can be rebooted successfully.
-
While booting Windows 95, if you press F8, boot menu will
be displayed. Windows 95 provides three different
modes that the system can be started.
1.
Normal Mode
2.
Safe Mode
3.
Command Prompt
-
Normal Mode is the mode Windows 95 starts by default. It
provides full functionality.
-
Safe Mode is a diagnostic mode of Windows 95 that starts
Windows 95 without any network, CD ROM, and other
drivers. The only device drivers loaded in Safe mode
are:
o
Keyboard
o
VGA Display
o
Mouse Drivers
-
Command Prompt mode is provided to run some old DOS
applications that need to be run under DOS only. These
applications are primarily the ones which access
hardware, that Windows 95 does not allow to be
accessed otherwise.Command Prompt mode is also useful
for running FDISK and MSD.
-
The log file BOOTLOG.TXT records all the devices and
drivers that the Operating System attempts to load.
BOOTLOG records the status of the devices and drivers.
-
ScanDisk can be used to check disk drives for errors. The
/f switch allows ScanDisk to automatically fix the
errors.
-
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG stores the hardware settings. The six register keys available
in Windows 95/98 Registry are: A. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT B. HKEY_CURRENT_USER C. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE D. HKEY_USERS E. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG F. HKEY_DYN_DATA
-
Adding $ sign to the end of the share name makes the share
invisible over the network. 16.
Some important TCP/IP port numbers are as given below:
1.
FTP: 21, stands for File Transfer Protocol
2.
Telnet: 23, stands for Telnetting from a remote terminal to
a Telnet Server
3.
SMTP: 25, stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
4.
HTTP/WWW: 80, stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
5.
POP3: 110, stands for Post Office Protocol
6.
HTTPS: 443, stands for HTTP Secure 17. User level security gives better control of resource on
user-to-user basis. Share level security assigns
passwords to the resources rather than the users and
therefore less secure. 18. To pause the screen to view a large file, use |more
switch. For example, to view autoexec.bat one screen
at a time, type c:\autoexec.bat|more at the DOS
prompt. Space bar can be used to go to next screen. 19. DNS stands for Domain Name System Server. DNS Server is
the one responsible for converting the Domain names to
IP addresses. 20. TSR stands for Terminate and Stay Resident. An example
of TSR program is a virus detection program such as
Norton Anti Virus.
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